Very-low-carbohydrate diet vs High-carbohydrate diet In Renal Function

Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are defined as a dietary programs that reduce the consumption of carbohydrate for weight control or for the treatment of obesity.
High-carbohydrate diet is the maximun intake of carbohydrate dietary programs. Some experts indicated that the program also promotes weight loss and reduce the risk of obesity(a)
There is always a concern that very-low-carbohydrate diets is the potential for increased risk of renal disease associated with a higher protein intake. In the assessment of renal function in 68 men and women with abdominal obesity (age 51.5+/-7.7 years, body mass index [calculated as kg/m(2)] 33.6+/-4.0) without preexisting renal dysfunction who were randomized to consume either an energy-restricted ( approximately 1,433 to 1,672 kcal/day), planned isocaloric very-low-carbohydrate (4% total energy as carbohydrate [14 g], 35% protein [124 g], 61% fat [99 g]), or high-carbohydrate diet (46% total energy as carbohydrate [162 g], 24% protein [85 g], 30% fat [49 g]) for 1 year. Body weight, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion were assessed before and after 1 year , conducted by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(1), showed that long-term weight loss with a very-low-carbohydrate diet does not adversely affect renal function compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in obese individuals with normal renal function.

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(a) http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3714065621840877985
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338292

Green Tea, High Protein Diet and Weight Maintenance (WM) After Body Weight Loss

In the investigation of the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture added to a high-protein (HP) diet on weight maintenance (WM) after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects, conducted by Maastricht University(1) of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel trial in 80 overweight and moderately obese subjects [age (mean +/- SD): 44 +/- 2 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 29.6 +/- 2.0] matched for sex, age, BMI, height, body mass, and with a habitually low caffeine intake. A very-low-energy diet intervention during 4 wk was followed by 3 mo of WM; during the WM period, the subjects received a green tea-caffeine mixture (270 mg epigallocatechin gallate + 150 mg caffeine/d) or placebo, both in addition to an adequate protein (AP) diet (50-60 g protein/d) or an HP diet (100-120 g protein/d), concluded that The green tea-caffeine mixture, as well as the HP diet, improved WM independently through thermogenesis, fat oxidation, sparing FFM, and, for the HP diet, satiety; a possible synergistic effect failed to appear.

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(1) "Green tea catechin plus caffeine supplementation to a high-protein diet has no additional effect on body weight maintenance after weight loss" by Hursel R, Westerterp-Plantenga MS., Posted in PubMed

Low-fat diets for obesity

In the review of studies of participants who fulfilled the following criteria: 1) they were randomised controlled clinical trials of low-fat diets versus other weight-reducing diets, 2) the primary purpose of the study was weight loss, 3) participants were followed for at least six months, 4) the study participants were adults (18 years or older) who were overweight or obese (BMI >25 kg/m2) at baseline. Studies including pregnant women or patients with serious medical conditions were excluded. Two people independently applied the inclusion criteria to the studies identified. Disagreement was resolved by discussion or by intervention of a third party, conducted by University of Teesside (1) focused primarily on participants who were overweight or clinically obese and were dieting for the purpose of weight reduction. Since we were particularly interested in the ability of participants to sustain weight loss over a longer period of time, we focused on studies of 'free living' men and women who were given dietary advice rather than provision of food or money to purchase food. The review suggests that fat-restricted diets are no better than calorie restricted diets in achieving long term weight loss in overweight or obese people. Overall, participants lost slightly more weight on the control diets but this was not significantly different from the weight loss achieved through dietary fat restriction and was so small as to be clinically insignificant.

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(1) "WITHDRAWN: Advice on low-fat diets for obesity" by Summerbell CD, Cameron C, Glasziou PP., posted in PubMed(1)

Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets

In comparison of 4 weight-loss diets, representing a spectrum of low to high carbohydrate intake for effects on weight loss and related metabolic variables conducted by Stanford University Medical School(1) in a twelve-month randomized trial, randomly assigned to follow the Atkins (n = 77), Zone (n = 79), LEARN (n = 79), or Ornish (n = 76) diets and received weekly instruction for 2 months, then an additional 10-month follow-up, showed that premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone diet, and had experienced comparable or more favorable metabolic effects than those assigned to the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets [corrected] While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss.

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(1) "Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial" by Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC., Posted in Pubmed

Energy-restricted, High-protein, Low-fat diet and High-carbohydrate diet.

In the investigation of a diet with a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss on body composition, cardiovascular disease risk, nutritional status, and markers of bone turnover and renal function in overweight women, conducted by CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition(1) by randomly assigned to 1 of 2 isocaloric 5600-kJ dietary interventions for 12 wk according to a parallel design: a high-protein (HP) or a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. One hundred women with a mean (+/-SD) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 32 +/- 6 and age of 49 +/- 9 y completed the study, showed that an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet provides nutritional and metabolic benefits that are equal to and sometimes greater than those observed with a high-carbohydrate diet.

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(1) "Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women" by Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM., posted in Pubmed

High-protein, Low fat or High-carbohydrate diet

In a random study of groups designated as control diet (CON), control diet with exercise (CONEx), high-protein (HP), or high-protein with exercise (HPEx). Free-living women from the Guelph community conducted by University of Guelph, Guelph. Actual diets consumed by the subjects contained ratios of carbohydrate to protein of 3.0:1, 2.7:1, 1.5:1, and 0.96:1 for the CON, CONEx, HP, and HPEx groups, respectively. Cardiovascular fitness improved in both exercise groups. There were no changes in resting energy expenditure. No adverse events were reported. Significant changes in blood lipids included decreased total cholesterol in the HP and CONEx groups, decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HP group only, and decreased blood triglycerides in the HPEx group only. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin levels were unaltered by diet or exercise. A high-protein diet was superior to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet either alone or when combined with an aerobic/resistance-training program in promoting weight loss and nitrogen balance, while similarly improving body composition and risk factors for the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese Canadian women.

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(1) "A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women" by Meckling KA, Sherfey R., posted in Pubmed

Weight loss and High protein diet with Resistance Exercise Training

In a study conducted by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food and Nutritional Sciences (1), with an aim to determine the effectiveness of two low-fat hypocaloric diets differing in the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, with and without resistance exercise training (RT), on weight loss, body composition, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 83 men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 56.1 +/- 7.5 years, BMI 35.4 +/- 4.6 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, energy-restricted diet (female subjects 6 MJ/day, male subjects 7 MJ/day) of either standard carbohydrate (CON; carbohydrate:protein:fat 53:19:26) or high protein (HP; 43:33:22), with or without supervised RT (3 days/week) for 16 weeks. The result with fifty-nine participants completed the study indicated that an energy-restricted HP diet combined with resistance exercise training (RT) achieved greater weight loss and more favorable changes in body composition. All treatments had similar improvements in glycemic control and CVD risk markers.

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(1) "A high-protein diet with resistance exercise training improves weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes" by

Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Cleanthous X, Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD. Posted in PubMed