Body weight, health, and longevity

In the study conducted by De. Simopoulos AP and Dr. Van Itallie TB. found that in the United States, the weight associated with the greatest longevity tends to below the average weight of the population under consideration, if such weights are not associated with a history of significant medical impairment. Overweight persons tend to die sooner than average-weight persons, especially those who are overweight at younger ages. The effect of being overweight on mortality is delayed and may not be seen in short-term studies. Cigarette smoking is a potential confounder of the relationship between obesity and mortality. Studies on body weight, morbidity, and mortality must be interpreted with careful attention to the definitions of obesity or relative weight used, preexisting morbid conditions, the length of follow-up, and confounders in the analysis. The terminology of body weight standards should be defined more precisely and cited appropriately. An appropriate database relating body weight by sex, age, and possibly frame size to morbidity and mortality should be developed to permit the preparation of reference tables for defining the desirable range of body weight based on morbidity and mortality statistics(1)

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(1) "Body weight, health, and longevity" by Simopoulos AP, Van Itallie TB.

The origin of the "ideal" body weight equations

In the study to provide a historical perspective on the origin and similarity of the "ideal" body weight (IBW) equations, and clarify the terms ideal and lean body weight (LBW), showed that The weight data were found to correlate with mortality and resulted in the use of the terms desirable or ideal to describe these weights. Over the years, IBW was interpreted to represent a "fat-free" weight and thus was used as a surrogate for LBW. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of certain drugs were found to correlate with IBW and resulted in the use of IBW equations published by Devine. These equations were consistent with an old rule that was developed from height-weight tables to estimate IBW. Efforts to improve the IBW equations through regression analyses of height-weight data resulted in equations similar to those published by Devine(1).

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(1) "The origin of the "ideal" body weight equations" by Pai MP, Paloucek FP.

Descriptive Study of Educated African American Women Successful at Weight-Loss Maintenance

In the study od Interventions to address obesity and weight loss maintenance among African Americans, found that Of 3,414 individuals screened, 1,280 were eligible and completed surveys. Ninety-percent were women. This descriptive analysis includes 1,110 women who lost weight through non-surgical means. Over 90 % of respondents had at least some college education. Twenty-eight percent of respondents were weight-loss maintainers. Maintainers lost an average of 24 % of their body weight and had maintained ≥ 10 % weight loss for an average of 5.1 years. Maintainers were more likely to limit their fat intake, eat breakfast most days of the week, avoid fast food restaurants, engage in moderate to high levels of physical activity, and use a scale to monitor their weight.(1)

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(1) "Descriptive Study of Educated African American Women Successful at Weight-Loss Maintenance Through Lifestyle Changes" by Barnes AS, Kimbro RT.

Weight loss maintenance in African-American women

African-American women are disproportionately affected by obesity. Weight loss can occur, but maintenance is rare. Little is known about weight loss maintenance in African-American women. In this investigation, researchers found that Weight loss maintainers lost 22% of body weight. They view positive support from others and active opposition to cultural norms as critical for maintenance. They struggle with weight regain, but have strategies in place to lose weight again. Some maintainers struggle with being perceived as sick or too thin at their new weight. Regainers and maintainers struggle with hairstyle management during exercise. The theoretical constructs from TPB were defined and supported by focus group content.(1)

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(1) "Weight loss maintenance in African-American women: focus group results and questionnaire development" by  Barnes AS, Goodrick GK, Pavlik V, Markesino J, Laws DY, Taylor WC.

Green tea catechin plus caffeine supplementation to a high-protein diet has no additional effect on body weight maintenance after weight loss

In the study to evaluate the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture added to a high-protein (HP) diet on weight maintenance (WM) after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects, Subjects lost 7.0 +/- 1.6 kg, or 8.2 +/- 2.0%, body weight (P < 0.001). During the WM phase, WM, resting energy expenditure, and fat-free mass (FFM) increased relatively in both the HP groups and in the AP + green tea-caffeine mixture group (P < 0.05), whereas respiratory quotient and body fat mass decreased, all compared with the AP + placebo group. Satiety increased only in both HP groups (P < 0.05). The green tea-caffeine mixture was only effective with the AP diet.(1)

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(1) |"Green tea catechin plus caffeine supplementation to a high-protein diet has no additional effect on body weight maintenance after weight loss" by Hursel R, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.

High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss

In the study to investigate whether addition of protein may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5-10% in moderately obese subjects, a 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency.(1)

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(1) "High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans" by

Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM.

Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women.

In the investigation of Sixty-six African-American women participated in a 6-month weight loss program that included weekly group meetings and supervised exercise sessions. Mean baseline body mass index was 39 kg/m2, and mean baseline weight was 107 kg. Cultural adaptations, defined as program adjustments, made in response to women's preferences as expressed in focus group interviews included changes in intervention format, the content of the group meetings, and the location and format of the exercise sessions, found that Seventy-six percent of the participants attended at least 50% of the 26 weekly sessions, and 56% attended at least 75% of the sessions. Average hours of exercise per week approximately doubled during the program in comparison to baseline levels. Mean weight loss at 26 weeks was 3.7 kg, categorizing those who were lost to follow-up as having zero weight loss. Participants who attended at least 75% of the group meetings lost a mean of 6.2 kg at six months. Those who attended fewer meetings lost a mean of 0.9 kg.(1)

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(1) "Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women" by

Karanja N, Stevens VJ, Hollis JF, Kumanyika SK.